@misc{10481/72732,
year = {2019},
month = {11},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10481/72732},
abstract = {Phylogenetic, developmental, and brain-imaging studies suggest that human personality is the integrated expression of three
major systems of learning and memory that regulate (1) associative conditioning, (2) intentionality, and (3) self-awareness.
We have uncovered largely disjoint sets of genes regulating these dissociable learning processes in different clusters of
people with (1) unregulated temperament profiles (i.e., associatively conditioned habits and emotional reactivity), (2)
organized character profiles (i.e., intentional self-control of emotional conflicts and goals), and (3) creative character profiles
(i.e., self-aware appraisal of values and theories), respectively. However, little is known about how these temperament and
character components of personality are jointly organized and develop in an integrated manner. In three large independent
genome-wide association studies from Finland, Germany, and Korea, we used a data-driven machine learning method to
uncover joint phenotypic networks of temperament and character and also the genetic networks with which they are
associated. We found three clusters of similar numbers of people with distinct combinations of temperament and character
profiles. Their associated genetic and environmental networks were largely disjoint, and differentially related to distinct
forms of learning and memory. Of the 972 genes that mapped to the three phenotypic networks, 72% were unique to a single
network. The findings in the Finnish discovery sample were blindly and independently replicated in samples of Germans and
Koreans. We conclude that temperament and character are integrated within three disjoint networks that regulate healthy
longevity and dissociable systems of learning and memory by nearly disjoint sets of genetic and environmental influences.},
organization = {Academy of Finland
European Commission	286284	
322098	
134309	
126925	
121584	
124282	
129378	
117787	
41071	
308676},
organization = {Social Insurance Institution of Finland},
organization = {Competitive State Research Financing of the Expert Responsibility area of Kuopio, Tampere and Turku University Hospitals	X51001},
organization = {Juho Vainio Foundation},
organization = {Paavo Nurmi Foundation},
organization = {Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research},
organization = {Finnish Foundation for Cardiovascular Research},
organization = {Finnish Cultural Foundation},
organization = {Finnish IT center for science},
organization = {Tampere Tuberculosis Foundation},
organization = {Emil Aaltonen Foundation},
organization = {Yrjo Jahnsson Foundation},
organization = {Diabetes Research Foundation of Finnish Diabetes Association},
organization = {EU Horizon 2020	755320},
organization = {Tampere University Hospital Supporting Foundation},
organization = {American Foundation for Suicide Prevention},
organization = {national Healthy Twin Family Register of Korea},
organization = {Anthropedia Foundation},
organization = {Spanish Government	TIN2012-38805	
DPI201569585-R},
organization = {Signe and Ane Gyllenberg Foundation},
publisher = {Springer},
title = {Three genetic–environmental networks for human personality},
doi = {10.1038/s41380-019-0579-x},
author = {Zwir Nawrocki, Jorge Sergio Igor and Val Muñoz, María Coral Del and Arnedo Fernández, Francisco Javier and Romero Zaliz, Rocio Celeste and Mesa Navarro, Alberto},
}