@misc{10481/61864,
year = {2019},
month = {4},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10481/61864},
abstract = {Background: Little information is available on the content of bisphenol A (BPA) and other endocrine-disrupting
chemicals (EDCs) such as parabens in infant textiles and clothes.
Objectives: 1) To determine the concentrations of BPA and parabens in socks for infants and young children
purchased in Spain, 2) to assess the (anti-)estrogenicity and (anti-)androgenicity of extracts from the socks, and
3) to estimate dermal exposure doses to these chemicals.
Methods: Thirty-two pairs of socks for infants and young children (1–48 months) were purchased from 3 stores in
Granada (Spain). Textile material was cut from the foot, toe, and leg of each sock (n=96 samples) for chemical
analysis. Hormone-like activities were determined in foot sections (n=32 samples) by using the E-Screen assay
for (anti-)estrogenicity and PALM luciferase assay for (anti-)androgenicity.
Results: BPA was present in 90.6% of samples at concentrations ranging from<0.70 to 3736 ng/g. BPA levels
were around 25-fold higher in socks from store 1, which had a higher cotton content compared to stores 2 and 3.
Ethyl-paraben was found in 100% of samples, followed by methyl-paraben (81.0%), and propyl-paraben
(43.7%). No butyl-paraben was detected in any sample. Estrogenic activity was detected in 83.3% of socks from
store 1 (range=48.2–6051 pM E2eq/g) but in only three socks from stores 2 and 3. Anti-androgenic activity was
detected in six of the 32 socks studied (range=94.4–2989 μM Proceq/g), all from store 1. Estimated dermal
exposure to BPA was higher from socks for children aged 36–48 months (median=17.6 pg/kg/day), and dermal
exposure to parabens was higher from socks for children aged 24–36 months (median=0.60 pg/kg/day).
Discussion: This is the first report in Europe on the wide presence of BPA and parabens in socks marketed for
infants and children. BPA appears to contribute to the hormone-like activity observed in sock extracts.},
organization = {This research
was funded in part by grants from the European Union Commission
(The European Human Biomonitoring Initiative H2020-EJP-HBM4EU),
the Spanish Ministry of Health (PI16/01820, PI16/01812, PI16/01858,
PI17/01743, and PI17/01526), the Andalusia Regional Government
(PI-0538-2017), and the Spanish Consortium for Research on
Epidemiology and Public Health (CIBERESP). The authors are also
grateful to the Carlos III Institute of Health (ISCIII) for the predoctoral
research contract (FI17/00316) granted to L.M. Iribarne-Durán, the
postdoctoral research contracts granted to F. Vela-Soria (Sara Borrell-
CD17/00212) and C. Freire (Miguel Servet-FEDER fund MS16/00085),
and the José María Segovia de Arana contract granted to N. Olea
(INT18/00060), and to the Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation, and
Universities for the Ramón y Cajal contract (RYC-2016-20155) granted
to J.P. Arrebola.},
publisher = {Elsevier Inc.},
keywords = {Bisphenol A (BPA)},
keywords = {Dermal exposure},
keywords = {Parabens},
keywords = {Children},
keywords = {E-Screen},
title = {Concentrations of bisphenol A and parabens in socks for infants and young children in Spain and their hormone-like activities},
doi = {10.1016/j.envint.2019.04.013},
author = {Freire, Carmen and Molina-Molina, José-Manuel and Iribarne Durán, Luz María and Jiménez Díaz, Inmaculada and Vela Soria, Fernando and Mustieles Miralles, Vicente and Arrebola Moreno, Juan Pedro and Fernández Cabrera, Mariana Fátima and Artacho Cordón, Francisco and Olea Serrano, Nicolás},
}