@misc{10481/111878,
year = {2026},
month = {9},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10481/111878},
abstract = {Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection is a critical task in machine learning, particularly in safety-sensitive appli
cations where model failures can have serious consequences. However, current OOD detection methods often 
suffer from restrictive distributional assumptions, limited scalability, and a lack of interpretability. To address 
these challenges, we propose STOOD-X, a two-stage methodology that combines a Statistical nonparametric Test 
for OOD Detection with eXplainability enhancements. In the first stage, STOOD-X uses feature-space distances 
and a Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney test to identify OOD samples without assuming a specific feature distribution. In 
the second stage, it generates user-friendly, concept-based visual explanations that reveal the features driving 
each decision, aligning with the BLUE XAI paradigm. Through extensive experiments on benchmark datasets 
and multiple architectures, STOOD-X achieves competitive performance compared to state-of-the-art post hoc 
OOD detectors, particularly in high-dimensional and complex settings. In addition, its explainability framework 
enables human oversight, bias detection, and model debugging, fostering trust and collaboration between hu
mans and AI systems. Therefore, STOOD-X offers a robust, explainable, and scalable solution for real-world OOD 
detection tasks},
organization = {European Union Next Generation through the Ministry for Digital Transformation and the Civil Service - (TSI-100927-2023-1)},
organization = {MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033 - (PID2023-150070NB-I00)},
organization = {Universidad de Granada / CBUA - (Open access charge)},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {Explainable Artificial Intelligence},
keywords = {Deep Learning},
keywords = {Out-of-distribution},
title = {STOOD-X: Explainable out-of-distribution detection via nonparametric statistical testing on large-scale datasets},
doi = {10.1016/j.patcog.2026.113254},
author = {Sevillano García, Iván and Luengo Martín, Julián and Herrera Triguero, Francisco},
}