@misc{10481/106041,
year = {2025},
month = {7},
url = {https://hdl.handle.net/10481/106041},
abstract = {Societies worldwide are challenged by heated debates around important societal topics like migration
policies, gender equality, transgender rights, and climate change. These debates are perceived as highly
polarized thereby increasing intolerance toward opposing opinions. Previous research has shown that
respecting “disapproved others” as equals might foster tolerance, even in polarized contexts. Yet, an
empirical test to establish whether the relationship link between respect and tolerance toward opposing
others is still observable in the case of extreme opinions, strong disapproval of opposing opinions, and even
strong perceived threats from opposing others, is still missing. In our research, we will test whether the
strength of the association between personal respect norms and the tolerance of opposing opinions
depends on the extremity of one’s own opinion, the strength of disapproval of the opposing opinion, and the
perceived threat from the out‐group. Results based on survey data from more than 12,000 respondents
from 12 European countries reveal that the association between personal respect norms and tolerance is
unaffected by extremity, strength of disapproval, and perceived threat. The pattern of results is replicated
with few exceptions across all 12 countries and six different controversial social topics. This is held in most
cases even when considering differences in political views. We discuss the implications of our findings, their
robustness, and the potential limits of the respect–tolerance link.},
organization = {Volkswagen Foundation - Project Inclusivity Norms to Counter Polarization in European Societies (INCLUSIVITY) (9B060)},
publisher = {Cogitatio Press},
keywords = {Norms},
keywords = {Polarization},
keywords = {Respect},
keywords = {Tolerance},
title = {Testing the Robustness of the Association Between Personal Respect Norms and Tolerance in Polarized Contexts},
doi = {10.17645/si.10035},
author = {Estevan-Reina, Lucía and Schäfer, Laura Frederica and Middendorf, Wilma and Bukowsky, Marcin and van Zalk, Maarten and Christ, Oliver},
}