@misc{10481/28880,
year = {2010},
url = {http://hdl.handle.net/10481/28880},
abstract = {BACKGROUND:
Psychological well-being is associated with mortality/survival. Although cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is one of the strongest predictors of mortality, studies examining the relationship between well-being and survival seldom account for the possible effects of CRF.
PURPOSE:
This study examined the independent associations of psychological well-being components (low level of negative emotion and high level of positive emotion) and CRF, as well as their combined effects, with survival.
METHODS:
Participants (N=4888) were examined in 1988-1997 and followed up for a median period of ∼15 years (212 deaths, 4.3%). CRF was assessed by a maximal exercise test on a treadmill. Low-level negative emotion was defined as the minimum score of the negative emotion subscale of the CES-D scale and high-level positive emotion as the maximum score of the positive emotion subscale. Results are presented as hazard ratios (95% CIs). Data were analyzed in 2009.
RESULTS:
After adjustment for a set of established risk factors, men and women with low levels of negative emotion had lower risk of death than those with higher levels of negative emotion, 0.66 (95% CI=0.50, 0.87). The association persisted after additional adjustment for CRF and positive emotion. High level of positive emotion was not associated with survival. A high level of CRF independently predicted lower risk of death, 0.54 (95% CI=0.37, 0.79), compared to a low level of CRF. The risk of death in participants with both a low level of negative emotion and a high level of CRF was 0.37 (95% CI=0.22, 0.63), compared to their peers with higher levels of negative emotion/low levels of CRF.
CONCLUSIONS:
Low levels of negative emotion and high levels of CRF are independent predictors of long-term survival in men and women. A strong combined effect was observed, as individuals with both a low level of negative emotion and a high level of CRF had a 63% lower risk of premature death than those with higher levels of negative emotion and a low level of CRF.},
organization = {This study was supported by NIH grants AG06945 and HL62508, and in part by an unrestricted research grant from The Coca-Cola Company. The study also was supported in part by Robert Wood Johnson Foundation's Pioneer Portfolio (grant number 63597); the Spanish Ministry of Education (EX-2008-0641, EX-2007-1124); the Swedish Council for Working Life and Social Research; and the Swedish Heart-Lung Foundation (20090635).},
publisher = {Elsevier},
keywords = {Body mass index},
keywords = {Cardiovascular physiological phenomena},
keywords = {Exercise test},
keywords = {Leisure activities},
keywords = {Life expectancy},
keywords = {Motor activity},
keywords = {Oxygen consumption},
keywords = {Physical fitness},
title = {Psychological well-being, cardiorespiratory fitness, and long-term survival},
doi = {10.1016/j.amepre.2010.07.015},
author = {Ortega Porcel, Francisco Bartolomé and Lee, Duck-Chul and Sui, Xuemei and Kubzansky, Laura D. and Ruiz Ruiz, Jonatan and Baruth, Meghan and Castillo Garzón, Manuel J. and Blair, Steven N.},
}