DDIPRI - Artículoshttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/315302024-03-28T17:18:11Z2024-03-28T17:18:11ZEl difícil camino hacia la regulación de la lucha contra la coerción económica en la unión europeaLópez-Jurado Romero De La Cruz, Carmenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/866262024-01-09T07:49:15ZEl difícil camino hacia la regulación de la lucha contra la coerción económica en la unión europea
López-Jurado Romero De La Cruz, Carmen
Entre las nuevas herramientas de la política comercial autónoma de la UE destaca el importante Instrumento de Lucha contra la Coerción Económica ejercida por
parte de terceros países. En el momento actual este reglamento se encuentra en fase
de propuesta legislativa de la Comisión, habiendo adoptado tanto el Parlamento Europeo como el Consejo sus respectivos mandatos de negociación en primera lectura.
El presente trabajo analiza los principales aspectos que serán regulados en este futuro
reglamento de la UE, incidiendo en las diferentes posiciones de las Instituciones comunitarias, así como su legalidad a la luz del derecho internacional público y del
derecho de la Organización Mundial del Comercio.
La legalidad de las medidas de política comercial del Reglamento (UE) 2021/167 a la luz del derecho de la Organización Mundial del ComercioLópez-Jurado Romero De La Cruz, Carmenhttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/866122024-01-08T11:32:13ZLa legalidad de las medidas de política comercial del Reglamento (UE) 2021/167 a la luz del derecho de la Organización Mundial del Comercio
López-Jurado Romero De La Cruz, Carmen
Este trabajo analiza el Reglamento (UE) 2021/167, que permite a la UE aplicar medidas de política comercial de carácter unilateral a los miembros de la OMC que decidan recurrir un informe de un grupo especial que le sea favorable a la UE ante el Órgano de Apelación. Su objetivo es determinar su legalidad a la luz del derecho de la OMC. Nos preguntamos concretamente de qué modo reaccionaría un grupo especial de la OMC ante el argumento comunitario de que el planteamiento por parte de un Miembro de la OMC de un recurso nulo de pleno derecho ante un OA, cuya existencia actual es meramente nominal, es un acto de mala fe. Para ello, se analiza, en primer término, cuál ha sido el contexto que ha propiciado la adopción de este Reglamento. En segundo lugar, se examina la medida en que el derecho internacional general puede ser invocado como motivo determinante para la aplicación de estas medidas de política comercial de carácter unilateral. En tercer lugar, se estudia el argumento de la mala fe que alega la UE como justificación última de la aplicación de tales medidas.; This paper analyzes Regulation (EU) 2021/167, which allows the EU to apply unilateral trade
policy measures to WTO members that decide to appeal a panel report that is favorable to the EU before
the Appellate Body (AB). Its objective is to determine their legality in the light of WTO law. Specifically,
we ask how a WTO panel would react to the EU's argument that a WTO member's filing of a null and void
appeal with an AB, whose current existence is merely nominal, is an act of bad faith. To this end, firstly,
the context that led to the adoption of this Regulation is analyzed. Secondly, the extent to which general
international law can be invoked as a determining reason for the application of these unilateral sanctioning
measures is examined. Thirdly, it examines the argument of bad faith put forward by the EU as the ultimate
justification for the application of such measures.
From financing needs to criminal terrorism: The role of terrorist financing in crime-terror relationsMarrero Rocha, Inmaculada C.Ruipérez Canales, Javierhttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/781932022-11-30T07:53:11ZFrom financing needs to criminal terrorism: The role of terrorist financing in crime-terror relations
Marrero Rocha, Inmaculada C.; Ruipérez Canales, Javier
After twenty years of national and international measures to combat financing of terrorism and money laundering, global terrorism has encountered greater restrictions to access the volume of economic resources it needs which has justified its collaboration with criminal organisations or conversion into criminal-terrorist organisations. This study seeks to analyse crime-terror relations by looking at the influence of the fight against terrorist financing in the evolution of global terrorist organisations, which have developed structures to establish a new range of relationships with transnational organised crime with unprecedented intensity. This article highlights some of the features that differentiate global terrorism from other types of terrorism, especially in terms of its objectives, organisational structures and funding possibilities, as well as pointing out a possible effect of the fight against terrorist financing in the relationship between terrorism and crime. Finally, it offers the different contexts where economic, political and social circumstances have created new cooperation models with organised crime groups.; Tras veinte años de desarrollo de medidas nacionales e internacionales encaminadas a combatir la financiación del terrorismo y el blanqueo de capitales, el terrorismo global ha encontrado grandes restricciones para acceder al volumen de recursos económicos que necesita. Este estudio aborda la influencia de la lucha contra la financiación del terrorismo en la evolución de las organizaciones terroristas globales y en el cambio de la naturaleza y alcance de las relaciones entre el crimen organizado y el terrorismo. Así mismo examina los diferentes contextos en los que las circunstancias económicas, políticas y sociales han propiciado la creación de nuevos modelos de cooperación de las organizaciones terroristas con los grupos criminales organizados.
To criminalise or not to criminalise IUU fishing: The EU’s choiceFajardo Del Castillo, María Teresahttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/770162022-09-27T12:31:59ZTo criminalise or not to criminalise IUU fishing: The EU’s choice
Fajardo Del Castillo, María Teresa
The fight against the global phenomenon of illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing is carried out
through a wide variety of international, regional and national instruments, although its effectiveness is not
sufficient in view of the results obtained. The search for the most effective solution is currently under way.
Among the possible models to adopt, some countries, such as Norway and Indonesia, have advocated for the
criminalisation of IUU fishing. The EU has also opted for a management-based model to combat IUU fishing that
relies on administrative sanctions, also leaving its Member States the option of adopting criminal sanctions.
Subsequently, in the proposed recast Directive on environmental crime, the EU has not recognised IUU fishing as
an either an environmental or autonomous crime, unless it converges with transnational organised crime and
other associated crimes in the fisheries sector. The EU has promoted its model in non-member countries, and has
contributed towards paving the way to a level playing field which comprises the most authoritative set of international
legal instruments on IUU fishing, both soft and hard, established by the UN and FAO. Nevertheless,
discussions are ongoing on the need to reform EU legal instruments to better contribute to the sustainable use of
marine resources in the 21st century in line with the UN Sustainable Development Goals as foreseen in the EU
Green Deal.
Ransomware: An Interdisciplinary Technical and Legal ApproachRobles Carrillo, MargaritaGarcía Teodoro, Pedrohttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/768902022-10-20T22:28:03ZRansomware: An Interdisciplinary Technical and Legal Approach
Robles Carrillo, Margarita; García Teodoro, Pedro
Ransomware constitutes a prevalent global cybersecurity threat since several years ago, but it is almost pandemic at present. To a
larger extent, the growth of this criminal practice is due to its high economic efficiency and high degree of impunity. Efficiency in
general is mainly a consequence of its high and sophisticated technical development more varieties, more devices to use it on and
more functional complexity, while impunity is mostly the result of shortcomings and gaps in legal regulation. However, both of
the aspects are closely related, as combating ransomware requires adopting and integrating technical solutions and legal sanctions
with an interdisciplinary approach. Regretfully, the analyze of the ransomware’s background, theoretical framework and practice
shows a vast majority of technical proposals and a lack of either interdisciplinary or legal studies. +e technical as well as the legal
dimensions of ransomware need to be addressed to properly understand the scope and nature of the problem and its potential
solutions. Following this approach, some basic guidelines about defense, mitigation and sanction methods are proposed in order
to reach a feasible response to the challenge of defeating ransomware. +ese include the definition of ransomware as an autonomous
offence. After setting out the main results of the doctrine, the conclusion section specifies the solutions drawn from
such an interdisciplinary technical-legal approach.