Grupo: Transporte y Seguridad (TEP246)https://hdl.handle.net/10481/183382024-03-28T08:47:22Z2024-03-28T08:47:22ZEffects of Daytime Running Lamps on pedestrians visual reaction time: Implications on vehicles and human factorsPeña García, Antonio ManuelOña López, Rocío deGarcía López, Pedro AntonioPeña-García, PabloOña López, Juan José Dehttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/884232024-02-06T11:58:09ZEffects of Daytime Running Lamps on pedestrians visual reaction time: Implications on vehicles and human factors
Peña García, Antonio Manuel; Oña López, Rocío de; García López, Pedro Antonio; Peña-García, Pablo; Oña López, Juan José De
The beneficial effects of Daytime Running Lamps (DRL) to avoid traffic accidents, especially those involving pedestrians and cyclists, have been known for some decades thanks to several pioneer studies analyzing the results yielded after the introduction of this function in some countries of the world. In spite of this proven efficacy, the question about potential negative effects related to the visual interaction between DRL and other functions in automotive lighting remain extremely important. This work describes a macro experiment carried out with 148 pedestrians in different situations involving turn indicator activation. The target of the experiment was the identification of factors influencing the Visual Reaction Time (VRT) of these observers when the turn indicator was activated in presence of lit DRL. The knowledge of these factors has a critical importance for carmakers, regulatory bodies in road and vehicle safety and drivers and pedestrians themselves, since VRT is an effective and widely used parameter in road safety to provide information about the probability of accident avoidance. Besides some vehicle and headlamp related variables found by means of an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA), some other variables inherent to pedestrians characteristics such as visual defects and gender, alone or combined with DRL color (white as required by law in ECE countries or amber as allowed in USA and Canada) were found to be statistically significant using Classification and Regression Tree (CART) as exploratory analysis, and a Generalized Linear Model (GLM) for validating the results. The conclusions of this pioneer study, not previously reported in the literature, point out that there is still very much to investigate with regards to Daytime Running Lamps, their design (distance to other functions), characteristics (color of light emitted) as well as their interaction with other functions of critical importance in automotive lighting such as turn indicators, but also on the human perception of this complex interactions. Our understanding and considerations about these findings could have a deep impact on road safety and vehicle design.
Is it possible to attract private vehicle users towards public transport? Understanding the key role of service quality, satisfaction and involvement on behavioral intentionsOña López, Juan José DeOña López, Rocío dehttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/884222024-02-06T11:58:23ZIs it possible to attract private vehicle users towards public transport? Understanding the key role of service quality, satisfaction and involvement on behavioral intentions
Oña López, Juan José De; Oña López, Rocío de
This paper contributes to the public transport literature by ascertaining the role of involvement upon the service quality-satisfaction-behavioral intentions paradigm from the point of view of private vehicle users. This is the first study that provides a comprehensive understanding of this framework based on the private vehicle users’ perspective. The added value of this research is that, by using a structural equation modeling approach, it provides a comparison of alternative models and uses data from different samples collected in five large metropolitan areas (Berlin, Lisbon, London, Madrid and Rome) for modeling validation. In addition, a SEM-MIMIC approach was applied for controlling the heterogeneity of data due to specific characteristics of the interviewee (territorial setting, place of residence, demographic and socio-economic characteristics and travel related variables). The findings show that involvement is a full mediator between satisfaction and behavioral intentions, and that satisfaction is a full mediator between service quality and involvement. Furthermore, the SEM-MIMIC results revealed that the four latent factors investigated (service quality, satisfaction, involvement and behavioral intentions) dealt with highly heterogenous data. However, the most important finding is that private vehicle users’ involvement is the factor that contributes most to their behavioral intentions towards public transport. Hence, public transport managers might benefit from these outcomes when establishing detailed policies and specific guidelines for public transport systems to engage private vehicle users in a higher degree of usage of public transport services.
Considerations on the effects of automotive lighting to enhance alert and avoid sleepiness in night time drivers via melatonin inhibitionPeña-García, AntonioPeña-García, PabloEspín Estrella, AntonioOña Esteban, Juan Antonio Dehttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/884212024-02-06T11:55:55ZConsiderations on the effects of automotive lighting to enhance alert and avoid sleepiness in night time drivers via melatonin inhibition
Peña-García, Antonio; Peña-García, Pablo; Espín Estrella, Antonio; Oña Esteban, Juan Antonio De
The effects of light on circadian rhythms have been known for a long time. It is well known that shift workers, transoceanic travellers and other people being exposed to light during their sleep hours have remarkable disorders in their biological clocks that can last just some days with few important effects or become really serious with higher incidence of serious diseases. One of the reasons for circadian clock to be altered is the melatonin inhibition, due to the exposure to intense and/or bluer lights during sleep hours. The inhibition of the secretion of this neurohormone has been proven to be an effective measure to enhance alert and avoid sleepiness. However, although this sleepiness avoidance is widely used in indoor illumination to achieve better productivities or higher concentration in mental tasks, nothing has been done in order to ensure that night time drivers will keep awake during long journeys via melatonin inhibition. In this sense, the lighting of the own vehicle could be the most reasonable candidate to avoid sleepiness on this collective with the consequent impact on safety. This work uses the theoretical models of dependence between light intensity and wavelength and melatonin inhibition to analyze the potential influence of car headlamps on sleepiness in people driving during long periods at night-time. The results of this research show that cars equipped with headlamps using xenon and halogen light sources, which are the most common with a still wide advantage on LEDs cause no melatonin inhibition on people driving during long periods at night and thus, the current automotive lighting technology cannot avoid distraction and sleepiness in drivers with this strategy. However, a new lighting pattern that theoretically would cause melatonin inhibition and hence, an enhanced road safety, is proposed. We conclude that the incorporation of headlighting systems providing this pattern would be extremely positive for road safety and one important step for the automotive industry
Public transport users versus private vehicle users: Differences about quality of service, satisfaction and attitudes toward public transport in Madrid (Spain)Oña López, Juan José DeEstévez, EsperanzaOña López, Rocío dehttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/884202024-02-06T11:55:59ZPublic transport users versus private vehicle users: Differences about quality of service, satisfaction and attitudes toward public transport in Madrid (Spain)
Oña López, Juan José De; Estévez, Esperanza; Oña López, Rocío de
This paper aims to further understand the main factors influencing the behavioural intentions (BI) of private vehicle users towards public transport to provide policymakers and public transport operators with the tools they need to attract more private vehicle users. As service quality, satisfaction and attitudes towards public transport are considered the main motivational forces behind the BI of public transport users, this research analyses 26 indicators frequently associated with these constructs for both public transport users and private vehicle users. Non-parametric tests and ordinal logit models have been applied to an online survey asked in Madrid’s metropolitan area with a sample size of 1025 respondents (525 regular public transport users and 500 regular private vehicle users). In order to achieve a comprehensive analysis and to deal with heterogeneity in perceptions, 338 models have been developed for the entire sample and for 12 users’ segments. The results led to the identification of indicators with no significant differences between public transport and private vehicle users in any of the segments being considered (punctuality, information and low-income), as well as those that did show significant differences in all the segments (proximity, intermodality, save time and money, and lifestyle). The main differences between public transport and private vehicle users were found in the attitudes towards public transport and for certain user segments (residents in the city centre, males, young, with university qualification and with incomes above 2700€/month). Findings from this study can be used to develop policies and recommendations for persuading more private vehicle users to use the public transport services.
Understanding the mediator role of satisfaction in public transport: A cross-country analysisOña López, Juan José Dehttps://hdl.handle.net/10481/884192024-02-06T11:54:06ZUnderstanding the mediator role of satisfaction in public transport: A cross-country analysis
Oña López, Juan José De
Many studies have analyzed the relationship between service quality, satisfaction and behavioral intentions or
loyalty in the field of public transport. Yet despite growing interest, there is a lack of consensus regarding a
number of aspects, e.g.: the difference between service quality and satisfaction, between behavioral intentions
and loyalty, or the mediating effect of satisfaction between service quality and behavioral intentions. The main
objective of this article is to shed light on the type of mediator effect exerted by satisfaction between service
quality and behavioral intentions or loyalty in the area of urban and metropolitan public transport. To this end,
structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to compare two competitive models, one in which satisfaction plays a
partial mediating role (i.e. service quality presents direct and indirect effects on behavioral intentions or loyalty),
and another where satisfaction exerts a complete or full mediator effect (i.e., service quality presents only indirect
effects). The comparison is based on data from a single (translated) survey of public transport users in five
European cities: Madrid, Rome, Berlin, Lisbon and London. The results support the superiority of the full
mediator model over the partial mediator one in the urban and metropolitan public transport sector. The use of
five independent samples made it possible replicate results and generalize conclusions, as well as identify other
methodological and practical aspects. From a methodological standpoint, this paper confirmed the need to
consider service quality and satisfaction as different factors and to compare alternative models with different
samples when applying SEM to the public transport field. From a practical standpoint, the results suggest that
service quality, associated with specific attributes of service, exerts a total effect on behavioral intentions or
loyalty, superior to the effect of satisfaction, a finding that has important implications for transport operators.
Finally, this study confirms that in large cities, the intermodality of public transport is one of the attributes that
contributes most to the appraisal of its service quality, together with frequency, punctuality and speed.